{"id":1282,"date":"2026-11-08T20:12:03","date_gmt":"2026-11-08T12:12:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/yuannaitube.com\/tubing-shore-hardness\/"},"modified":"2026-11-08T20:12:03","modified_gmt":"2026-11-08T12:12:03","slug":"%d8%b5%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%a3%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%b7%d8%a6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/yuannaitube.com\/ar\/tubing-shore-hardness\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0631: \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0631 A \u0648\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0631 D"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0648\u0631<\/strong> \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628: \u0634\u0648\u0631 A<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0648\u0631 D<\/strong> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

\n

\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629.<\/strong> \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 (PU) \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 98 \u00b1 2 \u0634\u0648\u0631 A\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 95 \u00b1 2 \u0634\u0648\u0631 A. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0631 D: PA6 75 \u00b1 5\u060c PA12 65 \u00b1 5\u060c FEP 55 \u00b1 5\u060c \u0648PFA 60. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628<\/th>\n\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/th>\n\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 PU<\/a><\/td>\n98 \u00b1 2<\/td>\n\u0634\u0648\u0631 A<\/td>\n\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u0631<\/a><\/td>\n95 \u00b1 2<\/td>\n\u0634\u0648\u0631 A<\/td>\n\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u0631<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 PA6<\/a><\/td>\n75 \u00b1 5<\/td>\n\u0634\u0648\u0631 D<\/td>\n\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a PA6<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 PA12<\/a><\/td>\n65 \u00b1 5<\/td>\n\u0634\u0648\u0631 D<\/td>\n\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a PA12<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 FEP<\/a><\/td>\n55 \u00b1 5<\/td>\n\u0634\u0648\u0631 D<\/td>\n\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 FEP<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 PFA<\/a><\/td>\n60<\/td>\n\u0634\u0648\u0631 D<\/td>\n\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a PFA<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 (PE) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627. \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0643.<\/p>\n

\u0634\u0648\u0631 A \u0648\u0634\u0648\u0631 D: \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 100 (Infinita Lab). \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/th>\n\u0634\u0648\u0631 A<\/th>\n\u0634\u0648\u0631 D<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637<\/td>\n\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639\u060c 35 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d 0.79 \u0645\u0645<\/td>\n\u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u060c 30 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0643 (\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633)<\/td>\n822 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627<\/td>\n10 \u0631\u0637\u0644<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0640<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646<\/td>\n\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASTM D2240\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a ISO 868 \u0648DIN ISO 7619-1. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 Infinita Lab \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 CASRAI\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 Rex Gauge\u061b \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0623\u062e\u0648\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 Smooth-On\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0631 A\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0631 D \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0640\u201c\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629\u201d \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627<\/h2>\n
    \n
  1. \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/strong> \u00ab98\u00bb \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u00ab98 \u0634\u0648\u0631 A\u00bb \u0641\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a.<\/li>\n
  2. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633.<\/strong> \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u063a\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Worldoftest \u0648CASRAI). \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633: \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 Smooth-On \u0623\u0646 95A \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 45D \u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628.<\/li>\n
  3. \u0627\u062d\u0630\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633.<\/strong> \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 CASRAI\u060c \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 Wikipedia\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 10 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 90 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631. \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0627 PU \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 (98 \u064895) \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0634\u0648\u0631 A\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n
  4. \u0627\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629.<\/strong> \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u061b \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 (Infinita Lab \u0648CASRAI). \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0622\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n
  5. \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629.<\/strong> \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0649 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628<\/h2>\n

    \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 95 \u00b1 2 \u0634\u0648\u0631 A\u060c ASTM D2240\u00bb. \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628<\/a>. \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 PU\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 PU \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631<\/a>\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 PU \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 PU \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646<\/a>.<\/p>\n

    \n \"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639
    \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 1: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628. \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
    \n

    \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u0648\u0631<\/h2>\n
    \n\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0631 A \u0648\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0631 D\u061f<\/summary>\n

    \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0631 A \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0631 D \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 (PU) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0631 A\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648FEP \u0648PFA \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0631 D.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n

    \n\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646\u061f<\/summary>\n

    \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 98 \u00b1 2 \u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0625\u064a\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 95 \u00b1 2 \u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0623.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n

    \n\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0631 A \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0648\u0631 D\u061f<\/summary>\n

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    \n\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629\u061f<\/summary>\n

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    \n\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0651 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628\u061f<\/summary>\n

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    \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642<\/h2>\n